Food insecurity remains a persistent and inequitable public health issue in the United States, disproportionately affecting low-income households, communities of color, and rural populations. Despite an abundant national food supply, systemic barriers to accessing nutritious food continue to undermine health equity. As food insecurity rates climb in the postpandemic period and the 2025 Farm Bill was recently reauthorized, this policy moment presents a critical opportunity to reassess the United States’ food system. This narrative review synthesizes recent literature at the intersection of food insecurity, nutrition policy, and public health, with the objective of evaluating how current agricultural subsidies and nutrition assistance programs shape dietary quality and chronic disease risk. Drawing from a range of peer-reviewed studies and federal reports, the review explores the economic and structural conditions that influence food affordability, consumption patterns, and health outcomes.